Resumo Embora a agricultura orgânica no Brasil atinja principalmente aos consumidores locais, há uma crescente demanda por pesquisas relacionadas à comercialização com o exterior neste setor. Uma pesquisa foi realizada na Europa sobre a percepção de entidades relacionadas a este tema, especificamente sobre Sistemas Participativos de Garantia (SPG), a viabilidade da equivalência entre os países e os procedimentos de controle. Um estudo exploratório foi realizado através de entrevistas com cinco organismos de certificação orgânica, dois na Suíça, três na Itália e uma associação de produtores na Itália. O SPG é pouco conhecido na Europa em geral e é sugerido divulgar melhor nos países membros. O SPG foi avaliado positivamente para reduzir os custos de certificação e promover os benefícios de um aspecto social, mas pode falhar na conformidade orgânica e na produção em grande escala. Existem diferenças significativas para estabelecer equivalência, como a falta de homogeneidade entre os países europeus em procedimentos de controle, a existência de SPG na legislação brasileira, a falta de produtos do extrativismo vegetal na Europa, diferentes períodos de conversão e a exigência de um maior número de inspeções no Brasil. A equivalência foi considerada benéfica para ambos e seria apropriado fazer esforços para torná-la viável. A legislação brasileira sobre agricultura orgânica é considerada muito restritiva e complexa.

Abstract Although organic agriculture in Brazil targets mainly local consumers, there is growing demand for research related to commercializing this sector abroad. A study was done in Europe on the perception of entities related to this theme, specifically on Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), the feasibility of equivalence between the countries, and control procedures. An exploratory study was conducted through interviews with five organic certification bodies, two in Switzerland, three in Italy, and with a producer association in Italy. PGS is little known in Europe in general and it is suggested that it be better disseminated in the member countries. PGS has been evaluated positively for reducing certification costs and promoting benefits from a social aspect, but it can fail in organic compliance and in large scale production. There are significant differences that must be overcome in order to establish equivalence, such as the lack of homogeneity among European countries on control procedures, the existence of PGS in Brazilian legislation, lack of wild crop products in Europe, different conversion periods, and the requirement of a higher number of inspections in Brazil. Equivalence is seen as beneficial to both Europe and Brazil, and it would therefore be appropriate to promote its viability. The Brazilian law on organic agriculture is taken as very restrictive and complex.

ABSTRACT Studies on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil after use of wastewater for fertilization of agricultural crops report the effects of moisture, pH, organic matter, and soil temperature on microorganisms. There are few studies that assess the survival of these microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants fertilized with wastewater. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the number of fecal coliforms and rhizobacteria (fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp,) in the rhizosphere of winter and summer crops fertilized with wastewater. In the experiment, we used 20 plots, and each plot occupied an area of 200 m2. The treatments used in the winter crop consisted of uncultivated plots and single crops of wheat, triticale, black bean, and intercropped black bean/wheat. In the summer season, we used uncultivated plots and single crops of corn, sunflower, bean, and intercropped bean/corn. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. Soil samples from the rhizosphere for microbiological analyses were collected at the flowering stage of the crops at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m. Plants stimulated fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. in the rhizosphere, with average scores of 7.9 and 6.9 log CFU g-1 of dry soil, respectively, whereas in bare soil, these scores were 6.7 and 5.8 log CFU g-1 of dry soil for these rhizobacteria groups. However, this stimulating effect was not seen for fecal coliforms, which had an average score of 31.7 × 103 MPN g-1 of dry soil in the uncultivated area and 20.0 × 103 MPN g-1 of dry soil in crop areas. Overall, the numbers of rhizobacteria colonies in the rhizosphere soil under intercropping were higher than those observed in the rhizosphere soils of single winter and summer crops. Therefore, the presence of plants enhances the development of rhizobacteria and changes the balance among the species of microorganisms in the soil microbial community fertilized with wastewater.

O município de Paranaguá-PR descarta diariamente 80 toneladas de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) sem tratamento apropriado no lixão do Embocuí. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a concentração de arsênio (As), cádmio (Cd), cromo (Cr), chumbo (Pb) e mercúrio (Hg) na área do lixão e compará-la com os valores de referência para qualidade de solo e água estipulados pela CETESB (2005). Foram realizadas coletas de amostras de rejeito (resíduo orgânico misturado com solo) em 12 pontos do lixão e a 1 m de profundidade, e a coleta de água foi realizada em 3 pontos e a 3 m de profundidade do material depositado na área. A extração dos metais pesados nas amostras do rejeito e da água foi realizada segundo o método USEPA (1998) para a extração e o ICP-OES (Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica por Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente) para quantificar o metal. Os resultados das amostras do rejeito apresentaram as seguintes concentrações: (mg kg-1): As <10; Cd <1; Cr = 26; Pb = 52 e Hg = 0,2. E nas amostras de água foram determinadas as seguintes concentrações: (µg L-1): As <5; Cd <5; Cr = 29 e Pb =10. Os valores de metais pesados nas amostras de rejeito e água estão abaixo dos valores considerados para risco de contaminação na área do lixão.

The county of Paranaguá discards 80 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily in the Embocuí landfill without proper treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the dump area and to compare it with reference values for soil and water quality stipulated by CETESB (2005). The methodology of the study involved the collection of waste samples (organic waste mixed with soil) from a depth of 1 m deep at 12 points of the dump, and the collection of water samples from a depth of 3 m at 3 points in the deposited waste. Extraction of heavy metals in the water samples was performed according to the USEPA (1999) method and analysis followed ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry). Analysis of the solid waste samples showed the following concentrations: (mg kg-1): As < 10; Cd < 1; Cr = 26; Pb = 52; e Hg = 0.2. The water samples showed the following concentrations: (mg L-1): As < 5; Cd < 5; Cr =29 e Pb = 10. The amounts of heavy metals in samples of tailings and water from the landfill area fall below the values considered to create a risk of contamination.

A aplicação do composto de lodo de esgoto em áreas agrícolas pode promover alterações nos atributos microbianos do solo. Assim, há necessidade de se avaliar o impacto da adição do composto sobre a atividade microbiana do solo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a alteração nos atributos microbianos de um solo fertilizado com diferentes doses de composto de lodo por meio da medida de liberação de CO2 e a contagem de bactérias e fungos. O experimento foi realizado em condição de laboratório, com jarros respirométricos contendo em seu interior amostras de solo misturadas com composto nas doses de 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80 Mg ha-1. A liberação de CO2 do solo foi medida diariamente durante os 28 dias de incubação. Após a incubação, as amostras de solo foram retiradas dos jarros e submetidas à contagem de bactérias e fungos e à determinação da composição química do solo. Os tratamentos correspondentes às doses do composto foram dispostos em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro repetições. A liberação de CO2 e o número de bactérias e fungos aumentaram significativamente com as doses do composto devido ao fornecimento de substrato energético e nutrientes proporcionados pelo composto. A medida de liberação de CO2 indicou que a doses de composto acima de 20 Mg ha-1 ocasionou impactos significativos sobre a atividade microbiana do solo.

The use of sludge composting in agricultural areas alters the microbial functions. In this context it is necessary to evaluate the impact of composting addition on microbial activities in the soil. This study evaluated the alteration of microbial attributes of a soil fertilized with sewage sludge compost by measuring the CO2 release rates and counting bacteria and fungi numbers. This experiment was conducted in laboratory using respirometric jars that contained samples of soil mixed with different doses of compost: 0; 20; 40; 60 and 80 Mg ha-1, and CO2 release was quantified daily during the 28 days of incubation when the samples were removed from the jars and bacteria and fungi quantities were counted. The treatments corresponding to each dose of the composting were arranged in completely randomized design with four replications. The CO2 release and the quantity of bacteria and fungi increased with additional doses of the compound. This occurred as a result of supplying energetic substrate and nutrients from the compound. The CO2 released measurements indicated that compound above 20 Mg ha-1 has significant impact on soil microbial activity.